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Excavator An Commonly Used Heavy Machinery
Excavators are heavy equipment used in civil engineering and surface mining. An excavator, also called a 360-degree excavator or digger, sometimes abbreviated simply to a 360, is an engineering vehicle consisting of a backhoe and cab mounted on a pivot (turntable is a more apt description) atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. The term excavator is sometimes used as a general term for any piece of digging equipment.
Roles of Excavators
Excavators are used in many roles:
1- Digging of trenches, holes, foundations
2- Demolition
3- General grading/landscaping
4- Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes
5- River dredging
6- Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining
7- Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments
Varieties of Excavators
Excavators come in a wide variety of sizes. The smaller ones are called a mini-excavator or compact excavator. One manufacturer’s largest model weighs 84,980 kg (187,360 lb) and has a maximum bucket size of 4.5 m³ (5.9 yd³). The same manufacturer’s smallest mini-excavator weighs 1470 kg (3240 lb), has a maximum bucket size of 0.036 m³ (0.048 yd³) and the width of its tracks can be adjusted to 89 cm (35 inches). Another company makes a mini excavator that will fit through a doorway with tracks that can be adjusted to only 70 cm (28 inches) wide.
Often the bucket can be replaced with other tools like a breaker, a grapple or an auger. Excavators are usually employed together with loaders and bulldozers. Most smaller excavators have a small backfill (or dozer-) blade. It’s a horizontal bulldozer like blade attached to the undercarriage and is used for pushing removed material back into a hole.
Examples of Excavators
1- Compact excavator
A compact hydraulic excavator is a tracked or wheeled vehicle with an approximate operating weight of 6 metric tons (13,228 lbs). It generally includes a standard backfill blade and features independent boom swing. The compact hydraulic excavator is also referred to as a mini excavator.
The compact hydraulic excavator is somewhat unique from other construction equipment in that all movement and functions of the machine are accomplished through the transfer of hydraulic fluid. The compact excavator’s work group and blade are activated by hydraulic fluid acting upon hydraulic cylinders. The excavator’s slew (rotation) and travel functions are also activated by hydraulic fluid powering hydraulic motors.
2- Dragline excavator
Dragline excavation systems are heavy equipment used in civil engineering and surface mining. In civil engineering the smaller types are used for road and port construction. The larger types are used in strip-mining operations to extract coal and these are amongst the largest mobile equipment (not water-borne), and weigh in the vinicity of 2000 metric tonnes, though specimens weighing up to 13,000 metric tonnes have also been constructed.
A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from a boom (a large truss like structure). The bucket is maneuvered by means of a number of ropes and chains. The hoistrope, powered by large diesel or electric motors, supports the bucket and hoist-coupler assembly from the boom. The dragrope is used to draw the bucket assembly horizontally. By skillful maneuver of the hoist and the dragropes the bucket is controlled for various operations.
3- Bucket-wheel excavator
Bucket-wheel excavators are heavy equipment used in surface mining and civil engineering. The excavation component itself is a large rotating wheel mounted on an arm or boom. On the outer edge of the wheel is a series of scoops or buckets. As the wheel turns, the buckets remove soil or rock from the target area and carry it around to the backside of the wheel, where it falls onto a conveyor, which carries it up the arm toward the main body of the excavator. Additional conveyors then may carry it further; in some cases, several long conveyors are placed end-to-end, each supported by a large vehicular base.
Especially large bucket-wheel excavators, over 200 meters long and up to 100 meters in height, are used in German strip-mining operations, and are the largest earth-movers in the world. These tremendous machines can cost over $100 million, take 5 years to assemble, require 5 people to operate, weigh more than 13,000 tons, and have a theoretical capacity of more than 12,000m³/h. Specifically, the RB293 bucket wheel excavator manufactured by MAN Takraf is recognized by Guinness World Records as the largest land vehicle.
About the Author
Smruti Ranjan Sarangi has authored many articles on a diversified topics like Technical, Management, and Humanity. For information on
Excavator
, Dumpers, Dozers, Cranes, Wheel Loaders, Backhoe Loaders visit http://www.excavatortrader.com .
can anyone tell me the minimum distance to place spoil from a trench when using a backhoe or digger.?
I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW IF THERE IS A LEGAL MINIMUM DISTANCE TO PLACE THE SPOIL FROM A TRENCH WHEN USING A DIGGER OR BACKHOE MACHINE.
Health & safety regulations are ‘contingent’. That means that what DOES NOT CAUSE an accident is, by definition, safe.
Legal standards for works are set by the specialised overseeing bodies for those works; so best practice (and recommended practice) will vary according to the purpose (say, drainage or laying cables).
In practice, the ‘safe’ limit is set by a properly trained health & safety professional; if they say something is unsafe (far more likely than saying something is safe), then it is legally deemed to be so. Ignore them at your peril !
The Health & Safety Executive website (www.hse.gov.uk) might list something specific to the works you have in mind.
In engineering terms, load is distributed outwards at between 60 and 45 degrees below the material doing the loading. This is an approximate rule of thumb; different soils will perform differently.
The rule of thumb means that none of the spoil should be closer to the trench, than the trench is deep. In practice, the weight of the undisturbed earth next to the trench is often sufficient to collapse the trench, without any help from added spoil.
Therefore any trench DEEPER THAN IT IS WIDE is considered to need shoring, with struts across to hold the shoring boards firm.
One common mistake is to prop the boards at a certain depth, and then dig the same amount further before adding props; this is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS because the quantity of earth trying to collapse the trench MULTIPLIES as the depth ADDS.
Another danger is the weight (and vibration) of the digger, which is also trying to collapse the earth near the trench it’s digging. Again, it is dangerous to excavate any closer to the digger than the depth of the excavation (although a concrete surface can mitigate the problem, and soft or variable ground can make it worse). If the trench is dug at 45 degrees towards one side of the excavator, this allows a wide arc on the opposite side for clearing the spoil.
The short answer is that placing the spoil any closer than the maximum distance possible with the backhoe, CAN be considered irresponsible. The safest method is to truck it away, even temporarily, as this also provides a clearer working area. Needless to say, the MOVING load of the truck is even more dangerous near the trench than a static load would be, so it should be kept as far away as it is possible for the backhoe to reach.
